Biomimetic humanoid robotic model, control system, and simulation process

ABSTRACT

A biomimetics based robot and process for simulation is disclosed. The robot may include filament driven and fluid pumped elastomer based artificial muscles coordinated for slow twitch/fast twitch contraction and movement of the robot by one or more microcontrollers. A process may provide physics based simulation for movement of a robot in a virtual setting. Successfully tested movement data may be stored and embedded into a robot at build and/or before a new movement in programmed into the robot. Some embodiments include an artificial skin system supporting the artificial muscles.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of pending U.S. Non-provisional application Ser. No. 15/972,793 filed May 7, 2018, which claimed benefit of priority from U.S. Pat. No. 9,962,831, the application for which was filed Jul. 8, 2016 which claimed benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Application having Ser. No. 62/190,148 filed Jul. 8, 2015, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

FIELD

The subject disclosure relates to robotics and more particularly to a biomimetics based robot and simulation.

BACKGROUND

Robotic systems to date have produced primarily machines that bear little resemblance to human beings. Part of the reason for non-humanoid approaches to robot builds is the difficulty in replicating human balance and coordination in machine language that is translated into mechanical movement. For example, with few exceptions, robots typically employ quadruped or track systems to move. It has been a difficult challenge to construct quadruped systems that can maintain balance while walking. The internal elements, (for example, support bars, hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems, etc.) have been difficult to coordinate between the upper robot halves and the legs. Coordination is often a product of insufficient programming that is not seen until live testing.

Currently, simulation software predicts a desired movement rather than actual performance between robot elements. This can be an expensive approach since once the build is started, troubleshooting may result in costly redesigns of robot features.

The result has been robots that appear more mechanical than humanoid. While some recent attempts have produced humanoid looking features on robots, the challenges with movement and coordination persist.

In addition, there have been many challenges to constructing robots with artificial muscles that can replicate humanoid movement. Currently robots can produce either fast twitch or slow twitch movements but not both in coordination. One of the challenges lies in the design of artificial muscles. For example, some robots use pure hydraulic cable systems which provide linear movement unlike human movement. Examples can be seen on factory floor assembly lines. Other robots use artificial muscles based on electro-active polymer casings that are actuated by applying an electric field to the casing. While such an approach may work for an individual artificial muscle, a negative phenomenon is observed when such artificial muscles are positioned in abutment as real muscles would be in a muscular system. The electric field applied to electro-active casings creates a spillover effect onto adjacent artificial muscles. As a result, electromagnetic interference may be observed causing the artificial muscles to operate out of sync with adjacent muscles and or fail altogether because the electric field signal applied is negated. Moreover, artificial muscles relying purely on electro-active polymer casings suffer from fatigue and being overloaded easily by heavy loads because the polymers have relatively low tensile strength.

As can be seen, there is a need for a robot that moves and appears humanoid and for a process to predict the performance of robots accurately.

SUMMARY

In one aspect of the disclosure, a method of simulating performance a real world biomimetics based robot, in a virtual world, by a computing device comprises receiving by the computing device, stored motion capture video data of movement for a real world subject with real muscles; receiving by the computing device, a physics based three-dimensional model of a virtual biomimetics based robot, the three-dimensional model including virtual representations of artificial muscles comprising a virtual flexible casing, a virtual fluid channel through the virtual flexible casing configured to contract and relax the virtual flexible casing via virtual controlled fluid inflow/outflow from the virtual flexible casing, the virtual fluid channel including a virtual connection to a virtual fluid pump for controlling the virtual fluid inflow/outflow, and a virtual filament coupled to opposing ends of the virtual flexible casing and connected to a virtual actuator controlling the length of the virtual filament to contract and relax the virtual flexible casing; setting a target performance for artificial muscles in the three-dimensional model of the virtual biomimetics based robot replicating movement of real muscles, the replication of movement based on the stored motion capture video data; simulating within a virtual environment by a physics based simulation engine, movement of the artificial muscles in the three-dimensional model of the virtual biomimetics based robot based on: controlling the virtual fluid pump to pump virtual fluid into and out of virtual flexible casing of respective artificial muscles, and controlling the virtual filament to lengthen and shorten the virtual filament, to reach the target performance for the artificial muscles; and storing virtual fluid pump settings and virtual filament control settings in response to the target performance being reached as control settings for real-life movement of artificial muscles in a biomimetics robot memory.

In another aspect, a method of simulating performance of a real world biomimetics based robot, in a virtual world, by a computing device comprises receiving by the computing device, stored motion capture video data of movement for a real world subject with real muscles; receiving by the computing device, a physics based three-dimensional model of a virtual biomimetics based robot, the three-dimensional model including virtual representations of artificial muscles configured for fast twitch and slow twitch movement; loading into a simulation engine, a virtual environment; simulating within the virtual environment, movement of the artificial muscles in the virtual biomimetics based robot based on the stored video capture data; machine learning an optimized muscle contraction strength for an instance in time for a plurality of muscle movement types in a simulated motion; storing control settings for real-life movement of artificial muscles in a biomimetics robot memory based on the machine learned optimized muscle contraction strength for the plurality of muscle movement types.

In yet another aspect, a method of simulating performance of a real world biomimetics based robot, in a virtual world, by a computing device comprises receiving by the computing device, a baseline movement data for simulating muscle movement; receiving by the computing device, a physics based three-dimensional model of a virtual biomimetics based robot with virtual artificial muscles; loading into a simulation engine stored in the computing device, a first virtual environment; simulating within the virtual environment, movement of the virtual artificial muscles in the three-dimensional model of the virtual biomimetics based robot; machine learning in the computing device, a first optimized muscle contraction performance for the virtual artificial muscles during a target virtual movement of the virtual biomimetics based robot; storing the machine learned first optimized muscle contraction performance in memory of the real world biomimetics based robot; operating the real world biomimetics based robot in a baseline real world environment based on the stored machine learned first optimized muscle contraction performance; identifying by the real world biomimetics based robot, a current real world location's environment; operating the simulation engine by a processor in the real world biomimetics based robot; loading into the simulation engine in the real world biomimetics based robot, a second virtual environment replicating the current real world location; machine learning in the real world biomimetics based robot, a second optimized muscle contraction performance for the virtual artificial muscles during a second target virtual movement of the virtual biomimetics based robot in the second virtual environment; storing the machine learned second optimized muscle contraction performance in the memory of the real world biomimetics based robot; and operating the real world biomimetics based robot in the current real world environment based on the stored machine learned second optimized muscle contraction performance.

It is understood that other configurations of the subject technology will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein various configurations of the subject technology are shown and described by way of illustration. As will be realized, the subject technology is capable of other and different configurations and its several details are capable of modification in various other respects, all without departing from the scope of the subject technology. Accordingly, the drawings and detailed description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a front perspective view of a biomimetic robot with an artificial muscle system and exposed artificial skeletal system in accordance with an embodiment of the subject technology.

FIG. 1B is a front view of the biomimetic robot of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 1C is a rear view of the biomimetic robot of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 1D is an exploded view of the biomimetic robot of FIG. 1A showing a circulatory system in addition to the muscle system and skeletal system.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a biomimetic robot component schematic in accordance with an embodiment of the subject technology.

FIG. 2A is a partial view of a hand of the biomimetic robot of FIG. 1A depicting examples of force sensitive resistor locations in accordance with an embodiment of the subject technology.

FIG. 2B is an isolated view of a bone of the biomimetic robot of FIG. 1A depicting examples of force sensitive resistor and gyroscopic/accelerometer locations in accordance with an embodiment of the subject technology.

FIG. 2C is a partial view of a muscle array attached to an arm bone of the biomimetic robot of FIG. 1A depicting examples of flexible stretch sensor locations in accordance with an embodiment of the subject technology.

FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional front view of an artificial muscle system in a contracted state in accordance with an embodiment of the subject technology.

FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional front view of an artificial muscle system in a relaxed state in accordance with an embodiment of the subject technology.

FIG. 3C is a cross-sectional front view of an array of artificial muscle systems in a relaxed state and showing a path of circulation in accordance with an embodiment of the subject technology.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an artificial muscle and circulatory system in accordance with an aspect of the subject technology.

FIGS. 5a and 5b are a flowchart of a robotic physics simulation engine in accordance with an embodiment of the subject technology.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of a machine learning sub-process of real world robot performance compared to virtual physics simulations in accordance with an embodiment of the subject technology.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a general computing device in accordance with an aspect of the subject technology.

FIG. 8 is a perspective front view of a biomimetic robot including an artificial skin system according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 9 is a perspective front view of the robot of FIG. 8 with a top layer of the skin system removed exposing view of an internal sensor circuit according to an exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 10 is a front view of the robot of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a rear view of the robot of FIG. 9.

FIG. 12 is a partial cross-sectional view of a sensor circuit of the robot of FIG. 9 according to an embodiment.

FIG. 13 is a schematic view of a sensor circuit according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description of various configurations of the subject technology and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the subject technology may be practiced. The appended drawings are incorporated herein and constitute a part of the detailed description. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the subject technology. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the subject technology may be practiced without these specific details. Like or similar components are labeled with identical element numbers for ease of understanding.

Generally, embodiments of the subject technology provide a biomimetics based robot and a process for simulating robot functionality. Robots of the subject technology appear humanoid, mimicking human anatomy and move with human-like coordination.

As will be appreciated, some aspects of the subject technology disclosed address problems related to controlling artificial muscles so that the muscles have both a fast twitch and slow twitch capacity so that they behave similar to human muscles. Having both fast twitch and slow twitch acting muscles allow robots to move both quickly or slowly depending on the application as well as provide improved load capacity. Moreover, as will be appreciated, some aspects overcome the deficiencies associated with electro-active polymer based artificial muscles that when positioned in a stack or array, are subject to EMI from each other when energized thus causing these kinds of artificial muscles to contract out of sync.

Other aspects of the subject technology address simulating the performance design of biomimetic robots so that the robot anatomy may be refined prior to actual build. As will be appreciated, aspects are capable of calculating the twitch speed of virtual artificial muscles, the force impact on various points of the virtual robot anatomy, predicted locations of extremities of a virtual robot and may then adjust output to the virtual artificial muscles and machine learn from iterated calculations what the real world expected performance of the robot will be.

Referring to FIGS. 1A-1D, a biomimetics based robot 100 is shown according to an exemplary embodiment of the subject technology. The robot 100 may include artificial humanoid structures (for example, a skeletal system 110 comprising artificial bones 115, a muscular system 120 comprising artificial muscles 125, a circulatory system 175 (shown as high pressure side 175 _(H) and low pressure side 175 _(L)) and connective tissues (ligaments, tendons, etc.)) (not shown in FIGS. 1A-1D). The artificial bones 115 may be made from carbon fiber. Some embodiments may use 3D printing to produce the skeletal components. Elements of the skeletal system 110 may mimic many of the bones and their position in a human. The artificial muscle tissue may be made from a flexible material. In an exemplary embodiment, the artificial muscle tissue is a non-electroactive polymer, such as elastomer or thermoplastic urethane. Similar to a human, the muscle system 120 in the subject robot may support and control movement in the skeletal system 110. Connective tissues may be made from, for example, braided polyester. The connective tissues may connect for example, joints in the skeletal system 110. An artificial nervous system may be included in the form of wiring, sensors, and microcontrollers described more fully below.

The following shows an example list of muscle groups that may comprise the muscular system 120 of a robot 100 of the subject technology. The following is an example list of artificial muscles' names named after real muscle groups:

Abductor Pollicis Brevis Muscle Left

Abductor Pollicis Brevis Muscle Right

Abductor Pollicis Longus Muscle Left

Abductor Pollicis Longus Muscle Right

Adductor Pollicis Muscle Left

Adductor Pollicis Muscle Right

Biceps Brachii Left

Biceps Brachii Muscle Left

Biceps Brachii Muscle Right

Biceps Brachii Right

Brachioradialis Muscle Left

Brachioradialis Muscle Right

Coracobrachialis Muscle Left

Coracobrachialis Muscle Right

Deltoideus Muscle Left

Deltoideus Muscle Right

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Left 1

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Left 2

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Left 3

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Left 4

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Left S

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Left 6

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Left 7

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Right 1

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Right 2

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Right 3

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Right 4

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Right S

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Right 6

Dorsal Interossei Muscle Right 7

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Muscle Left

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Muscle Right

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Muscle Left

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Muscle Right

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle Left

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle Right

Extensor Digitorum Muscle Left

Extensor Digitorum Muscle Right

Extensor Indicis Muscle Left

Extensor Indicis Muscle Right

Extensor Pollicis Brevis Muscle Left

Extensor Pollicis Brevis Muscle Right

Extensor Pollicis Longus Muscle Left

Extensor Pollicis Longus Muscle Right

Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle Left

Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle Right

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle Left

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle Right

Flexor Digiti Quinti Brevis Muscle Left

Flexor Digiti Quinti Brevis Muscle Right

Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle Left

Flexor Digitorum Profundus Muscle Right

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle Left

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle Right

Flexor Pollicis Brevis Muscle Left

Flexor Pollicis Brevis Muscle Right

Flexor Pollicis Longus Muscle Left

Flexor Pollicis Longus Muscle Right

Lummbrical Muscle Left

Lummbrical Muscle Left 1

Lummbrical Muscle Left 2

Lummbrical Muscle Left 3

Lummbrical Muscle Left 4

Lummbrical Muscle Left 5

Lummbrical Muscle Right

Lummbrical Muscle Right 1

Lummbrical Muscle Right 2

Lummbrical Muscle Right 3

Lummbrical Muscle Right 4

Lummbrical Muscle Right 5

Opponens Digiti Quinti Muscle Left

Opponens Digiti Quinti Muscle Right

Opponens Pollicis Muscle Left

Opponens Pollicis Muscle Right

Palmar Interossei Muscle Left

Palmar Interossei Muscle Left 1

Palmar Interossei Muscle Left 2

Palmar Interossei Muscle Right

Palmar Interossei Muscle Right 1

Palmar Interossei Muscle Right 2

Palmaris Longus Muscle Left

Palmaris Longus Muscle Right

Pronator Quadratus Muscle Left

Pronator Quadratus Muscle Right

Pronator Teres Muscle Left

Pronator Teres Muscle Right

Tricep Muscle Left

Tricep Muscle Right

Tricep Muscle Left

Tricep Muscle Right

Digiti Quinit Brevis Muscle Left

Digiti Quinit Brevis Muscle Right

Digastric Muscle Left

Digastric Muscle Right

Levator Scapulae Muscle Left

Levator Scapulae Muscle Right

Platysma Muscle Left

Platysma Muscle Right

Scalene Muscle Left

Scalene Muscle Left 1

Scalene Muscle Left 2

Scalene Muscle Right

Scalene Muscle Right 1

Scalene Muscle Right 2

Scalenus Anterior Muscle Left

Scalenus Anterior Muscle Right

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Left

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Right

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Left 1

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Right 1

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Left 2

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Right 2

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Left 3

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Right 3

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Left 4

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Right 4

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Left 5

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Right 5

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Left 6

Semispinalis Capitis Muscle Right 6

Semispinalis Cervisis Muscle Left

Semispinalis Cervisis Muscle Right

Semispinalis Cervisis Muscle Left 1

Semispinalis Cervisis Muscle Right 1

Semispinalis Cervisis Muscle Left 2

Semispinalis Cervisis Muscle Right 2

Semispinalis Cervisis Muscle Left 3

Semispinalis Cervisis Muscle Right 3

Semispinalis Cervisis Muscle Left 4

Semispinalis Cervisis Muscle Right 4

Semispinalis Cervisis Muscle Left 5

Semispinalis Cervisis Muscle Right 5

temode domasto d Muscle Left 6

5ternode domasto d Muscle Right 6

SternoCleidomastoid Muscle Left

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Right

Sternohyoid Muscle Left

Sternohyoid Muscle Right

Sternothyroideus Muscle Left

Sternothyroideus Muscle Right

Stylohyoid Muscle Left

Stylohyoid Muscle Right

Thyrohyoid Muscle Left

Thyrohyoid Muscle Right

LEG MUSCLES GROUP

Abductor Digiti Minimi Left

Abductor Digiti Minimi Right

Abductor Hallucis Muscle Left

Abductor Hallucis Muscle Right

Adductor Brevis Muscle Left

Adductor Brevis Muscle Right

Adductor Longus Muscle Left

Adductor Longus Muscle Right

Adductor Magnus Muscle Left

Adductor Magnus Muscle Right

Bicep Femoris Muscle Left

Bicep Femoris Muscle Left 1

Bicep Femoris Muscle Right

Bicep Femoris Muscle Right 1

Bicep Femoris Muscle Left 1

Bicep Femoris Muscle Right 1

Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Left

Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle Right

Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle Left 1

Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle Right

Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle Right 1

Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle Left 2

Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle Right 2

Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle3 Left

Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle3 Right

Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle4 Left

Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle4 Right

Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle Left

Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle Right

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle1 Left

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle1 Right

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle02 Left

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle 02 Right

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle03 Left

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle04 Left

Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle Left

Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle Right

Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle Left

Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle Right

Gastrocnemius Muscle Left

Gastrocnemius Muscle Right

Gluteaus Maximus Muscle Left

Gracilis Muscle Left

Gracilis Muscle Right

Illiacus Muscle Left

Illiacus Muscle Right

Ligamentum Patella Left

Ligamentum Patella Right

Obturator Externus Muscle Left

Obturator Externus Muscle Right

Obturator Internus Muscle Left

Obturator Internus Muscle Right

Pectineus Muscle Left

Pectineus Muscle Right

Peroneus Brevis Muscle Left

Peroneus Brevis Muscle Right

Peroneus longus Muscle Left

Peroneus longus Muscle Right

Piriformis Muscle Left

Piriformis Muscle Right

Psoas Major Muscle Left

Psoas Major Muscle Right

Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Left

Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Right

Rectus Femoris Muscle Left

Rectus Femoris Muscle Right

Sacrotuberous Ligament Left

Sacrotuberous Ligament Right

Sartorius Muscle Left

Sartorius Muscle Right

Semimembranosus Muscle Left

Semimembranosus Muscle Right

Soleus Muscle Left

Soleus Muscle Right

Superior Gemellus Muscle Left

Superior Gemellus Muscle Right

Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle Left

Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle Right

Tibialis Anterior Muscle Left

Tibialis Anterior Muscle Right

Tibialis Poster or Muscle Left

Tibialis Poster or Muscle Right

Vastus Intermedius Muscle Left

Vastus Intermedius Muscle Right

Vastus Lateralis Muscle Left

Vastus Lateralis Muscle Right

Vastus Medialis Muscle Left

Vastus Medialis Muscle Right

TORSO MUSCLES GROUP

Diaphragm Muscle Geo

Ilcostal Muscle Left

Ilcostal Muscle Right

Infraspinatus Muscle Left

Infraspinatus Muscle Right

Intercostal Muscle Large Left

Intercostal Muscle Large Right

Intercostal Muscle Small Left

Intercostal Muscle Small Right

Internal Oblique Left

Internal Oblique Right

Latissim Muscle Left

Latissim Muscle Right

Levator Scapulae Muscle Left

Levator Scapulae Muscle Right

Levator Scapulae Muscle Left 2

Levator Scapulae Muscle Right 2

Levator Scapulae Muscle Left 4

Levator Scapulae Muscle Right 4

Longissimus Muscle Left

Longissimus Muscle Right

Omohyoideus Muscle Left

Omohyoideus Muscle Right

Pectoral Muscle Left

Pectoral Muscle Right

Pectoralis Minor Muscle Left

Pectoralis Minor Muscle Right

Psoas Minor Muscle Left

Psoas Minor Muscle Right

Quadratus Lumborum Muscle Left

Quadratus Lumborum Muscle Right

Quadratus Lumborum Muscle Left 2

Quadratus Lumborum Muscle Right 2

Rectus Abdominis Muscle

Rhomboid Major Muscle Left

Rhomboid Major Muscle Right

Rhomboid Minor Muscle Left

Rhomboid Minor Muscle Right

Scalenus Anterior Muscle Left 2

Scalenus Anterior Muscle Left 3

Scalenus Anterior Muscle Right

Scalenus Anterior Muscle Right

Scalenus Posterior Muscle Left

Scalenus Posterior Muscle Right

Scalenus Posterior Muscle Left 2

Scalenus Posterior Muscle Right 2

Scalenus Posterior Muscle Left

Scalenus Posterior Muscle Right

Serratus Anterior Muscle Left

Serratus Anterior Muscle Right

Serratus Anterior Muscle Left 2

Serratus Anterior Muscle Right 2

Serratus Anterior Muscle Left 3

Serratus Anterior Muscle Right 3

Serratus Anterior Muscle Left 4

Serratus Anterior Muscle Right 4

Serratus Anterior Muscle Left 5

Serratus Anterior Muscle Right 5

Serratus Anterior Muscle Left 6

Serratus Anterior Muscle Right 6

Serratus Anterior Muscle Left 7

Serratus Anterior Muscle Right 7

Serratus Anterior Muscle Left 8

Serratus Anterior Muscle Right 8

Serratus Anterior Muscle Left 9

Serratus Anterior Muscle Right 9

Spinalis Muscle Left

Spinalis Muscle Right

Splenius Capitus Muscle Left

Splenius Capitus Muscle Right

Splenius Cervicis Muscle Left

Splenius Cervicis Muscle Right

Subscapularis Muscle Left

Subscapularis Muscle Right

Supraspinatus Muscle Left

Supraspinatus Muscle Right

Teres Major Muscle Left

Teres Major Muscle Right

Teres Minor Muscle Left

Teres Minor Muscle Right

Transversus Abdominis Muscle

Trapezius Muscle Left

Trapezius Muscle Right

Referring now to FIG. 2, a block diagram of a biomimetic robot component circuit 200 is shown according to an exemplary embodiment. The circuit 200 generally includes a circulatory module 210, a power supply module 230, a computing module 255 and a sensor section module 260 connected to each other through wiring or conduits as represented by the arrows leading from one element to another.

The power supply module 230 is wired to and powers each element requiring a power source. The power supply module 230 may include a battery pack 238, for example, a lithium polymer battery, a fuel gauge sensor circuit 244, and a battery shield 242. Some embodiments may include an electronic starter 232, an engine 234, (for example, an alcohol micro engine), and an alternator or a synchronous generator 236 coupled to the battery pack 238. The battery pack 238 may be charged with the micro engine 234 (using for example, gasoline, diesel, alcohol or other fuel), with the alternator 236 (or synchronous generator). Control of the starter 232 and engine 234 may be coordinated with a CPU 16.

The computing module 255 may include a CPU 16 (sometimes referred to as a processing unit) in connection with each microcontroller 250 which may coordinate simultaneous control of multiple artificial muscles 125 (or muscle groups) and the feedback from multiple sensors from the sensor module 260. Data coordinated by the CPU 16 may be stored and retrieved from a system memory storage 34. Some embodiments may include a display 24 integrated into the robot 100 while some embodiments may include a port to connect an external display 24 to interact with the CPU 16. Some embodiments may also include a port for accessing a telecommunications network and to interface with a general computing device (described more fully below in FIG. 7) for software/firmware updates, to read data, and control functionality of the robot.

The circulatory module 210 includes a plurality of artificial muscles 125, which may be controlled for contraction by the other elements in the module 210. In an exemplary embodiment, the artificial muscle 125 may be contracted and relaxed by sending heated/cooled fluid (such as a gas, liquid, or oil) into the artificial muscle 125 and/or by heating a filament (described below). A pump controller 212 may send fluid through either a Peltier heating element 214 or a Peltier cooling element 215. Fluid from the heating/cooling elements 214/215 may be circulated to a temperature controller 220, for example a 3/2 solenoid fluid temperature controller to mix fluid to provide the temperature needed to contract or relax the artificial muscle 125 to a desired load capacity. A valve controller 218, may control opening or closing of a valve 135 (FIG. 3A) such as a solenoid to control retention or release of fluid from the artificial muscle 125. The temperature controller 220 may generate two temperatures to be pumped during repetitive motion such as walking. A cold fluid is pushed into relaxing artificial muscles 125 (see for example FIG. 3B) and a hot fluid pushed into contracting artificial muscles 125 (see for example, FIG. 3A) and vice versa depending on the cycle. A 50/50 mix of hot and cold fluid may be pumped into the artificial muscles 125 for medium contraction. The mix may then be divisible in quarters for 75%/25% contraction, etc. depending on the calculated load needed for movement. For sake of illustration only a single artificial muscle 125 is shown however, some embodiments may employ a multiplexor 216 to coordinate signals from a microcontroller 250 in the computing module 255 to the various artificial muscles 125 (or muscle groups). Some embodiments may include a microcontroller 250 dedicated to each muscle group.

The sensor module 260 may include a network of various sensors distributed throughout the robot 100 and wiring connected back to the CPU 16. A multiplexor 217 may coordinate feedback signals received from the various sensors and return signals provided by the CPU 16. Sensors may include force sensors 252 (for example force resistive sensors/resistors, stretch sensors 254 (for example strain gauges or resistors), a range finding sensor, a gyroscope and/or accelerometer, and a camera 266. The range finding sensor may be for example, LIDAR based. The range finding sensor may detect obstacles in the robot's path using range/distance/motion sensory. The combination of the LIDAR range finding and video source/camera 266 may be used for perception to setup up pathfinding input. In some embodiments, the robot 100 may speak with a chatterbox upon detected motion. In addition, detected objects may trigger the robot 100 to move its neck/head/eyes to follow objects using tracking. As will be understood, more than one sensor of each kind may be present in the robot 100 but for sake of illustration, only a single occurrence is shown.

FIGS. 2A-2C show examples of sensor positioning on skeletal points and proximate connection points between muscle tissue and skeletal structures. Sensors may detect for example, force applied to a skeletal point, acceleration (for example when a body part is moving), and stress force on the connection between muscle/connective tissue and an associated bone or joint. A number of examples of locations for sensors are shown however, for sake of illustration, many more locations have been omitted and it will be understood that more sensor locations will be present on the robot 100.

Thus, the contraction/relaxation of artificial muscles 125 may be coordinated to cause for example, one leg to lift from the ground and simultaneously move forward (step) while the other leg supports the remainder of the skeletal structure on the ground. Sensors in the stepping leg may sense for example acceleration forward (or backward), the rate of fall toward the ground, the amount of strain placed on artificial muscles 125, a strain on attachment points to artificial bones 115 (or joints), and changes in forces of impact indicating contact with the ground. The feedback from these sensors may be provided to the microcontroller 250 and CPU 16 to control additional movements to the stepping leg and the remainder of muscle groups in the robot 100. For example, feedback from the gyroscope/accelerometer which may be placed proximate skeletal extremities may indicate to the CPU 16 whether movement is occurring at a rate that needs adjustment (for example, a foot is stepping down to quickly or too hard). As may be appreciated, the stepping movement is only one example of movement possible by the subject technology and many other coordinated movements are now thus possible.

Referring now to FIGS. 3A-3B, an artificial muscle 125 is shown according to an exemplary embodiment. FIG. 3A shows the artificial muscle 125 in a contracted state (flexed). FIG. 3B shows the artificial muscle 125 in a relaxed state (unflexed). The artificial muscle 125 may include a flexible casing 130, which may be for example, an elastomer. In an exemplary embodiment, the flexible casing 130 is a non-electroactive polymer. A high pressure side 175 _(H) conduit 143 may define an inflow side of a fluid channel that extends throughout the length of the flexible casing 130 to a low pressure side 175 _(L) conduit 149. Some embodiments may include a valve 135 (for example a solenoid valve) positioned proximate at least one of the conduits 143 or 149 to regulate pressure pumped into the flexible casing 130 (as described above with respect to FIG. 2). In an exemplary embodiment, a filament 140 may be coupled to opposing ends of the flexible casing 130. The filament 140 may for example be connected to respective conduits 143 and 149 by anchors 142. The filament 140 may be for example a nylon filament. The filament 140 may be twisted, wound, braided, or meshed.

As will be appreciated, the actuation of the flexible casing 130 increases the speed or fast twitch of the artificial muscle 125 while the filament 140 provides load strength. In operation, the flexible casing 130 may be filled with hot, cold, or mixed temperature fluid to contract or relax the artificial muscle 125. As the PSI increases the casing 130 contracts for the quick twitch. The stronger filament 140 may take over the bulk of the load when the output needed may overload the strength of the flexible casing 130. The valve 135 may be closed when for example hot fluid is pumped in to the fluid channel to expand the walls of the casing 130. The filament 140 also heats up with the heated fluid and shortens in length pulling the opposing walls of the flexible casing 130 it is connected to closer together. The valve 135 may be opened to release heated fluid and cooled (or cooler) fluid may be pumped into the flexible casing 130 to relax the walls of the artificial muscle 125 to return to a default or unexpanded state. The filament 140 also stretches back to its default length as it is exposed to cooling fluid and the opposing walls of the flexible casing 130 it is connected to are drawn back outward away from each other or straightened out. During a cycle, the filament 140 oscillates in length proportional to the temperature of the fluid and proportional to the PSI acting on the walls of the casing 130. As will be appreciated, the use of the flexible casing 130 and heated fluid helps provide “quick twitch” action because the flexible casing 130 can expand and relax responsively to changes in pressure. The filament 140 provides support to the flexible casing 130 because the filament 140 has higher tensile strength and exceeds current load capacity of organic real muscles and contracts more with more force. Thus, when a “slow twitch” action is needed, the filament 140 may provide the bulk of the force to the application when fast twitching is not necessarily the priority. Thus, the flexible casing 130 is spared from fatigue and damage from routine fast or slow twitch based movement.

Referring now to FIG. 3C and FIG. 4, an array 150 of artificial muscles 125 along with a circulation circuit are shown according to exemplary embodiments. An example of a circulation pattern of fluid is shown in FIG. 3C which represents the high to low side movement of fluid through the artificial muscles 125. As described earlier, the pump 212 pumps fluid through heating element 214 or cooling element 215 and solenoid temperature control mixers 220 depending on whether an array 150 should be contracted or relaxed. As will be appreciated, skeletal portions of the robot 100 have opposing muscle arrays 150 to provide counter forces during movement, which help provide the biomimetic result. For example, an artificial leg may have artificial quadriceps and an opposing array 150 of artificial hamstrings. Aspects of the subject technology pump heated fluid into an array 150 a to contract the artificial muscles and synchronously, pump cooled fluid into an opposing muscle array 150 b. While the array 150 is shown with artificial muscles 125 stacked in parallel, it will be understood that this is for sake of illustration and that the artificial muscles 125 may overlap similar to the arrangement of muscles in a human body (for example as shown in FIGS. 1A-1D).

In addition, it will be further appreciated that embodiments using non-electroactive polymers overcome the deficiencies of some prior art artificial muscles that use electro-active polymers for artificial muscle arrays. Non-electroactive polymers preclude the phenomena of electromagnetic interference that spills over from electro-active based artificial muscles into adjacent electro-active based artificial muscles. The artificial muscles 125 of the present disclosure mechanically support adjacent artificial muscles 125 without electromagnetic disruption. Thus, coordinated actuation of the artificial muscles 125 in arrays 150 is achieved with expected processor based synchronization.

Referring now to FIGS. 5a and 5b , a method 500 of simulating robotic physics is shown according to an exemplary embodiment of the subject technology. The method 500 is shown in block form describing the general steps/actions for simulating performance of a robot design and construct in a virtual world prior to build and/or introduction of a new movement into the robot's stored memory. In general, the method 500 uses stored motion capture video of for example human motion to simulate movement frame by frame for a robot design. A physics 3D model, motion capture data, and environmental variables may be input 505 into the simulation engine. The simulated movement of artificial muscles may be targeted 510 to replicate the motion retrieved from motion capture data (of for example human movement). Simulated movement may be based on the amount of pressure/temperature applied to artificial muscles and the cycle rate actuation. Movement may be evaluated frame by frame to replicate the targeted data. The targeted movement performance may be evaluated by changing 515 the virtual environment. A virtual clock may be accelerated 520 to speed up the frame by frame evaluation. The engine may machine learn 525 the best possible muscle contraction strength for a particular instance in time and for a particular motion. The engine may determine 530 whether the machine learned motion from block 525 has been resolved virtually for the particular moment in time. If there is no resolution at block 525, then the engine may repeat 535 the machine learning step of block 525. If resolution is determined, the engine may determine 540 whether an entire cycle of motion has been trained for use in the robot. If not, the process returns to block 545 to move to the next frame for analysis. If the entire cycle is trained, the learned motion may be exported 540 for storage in the real robot's system memory storage or embedded in the real robot's CPU and/or microcontroller(s). The learned motion data may be recorded 555 and compared to a performance of the real robot using the stored motion data. The recorded data and comparison data may be stored 560 in a simulation system database. Based on predetermined criteria, the engine may determine 565 whether the performance results by the real robot are satisfactory. If unsatisfactory, the engine may machine learn 570 variations in real world robot performance as compared to virtual physics. Based on the machine learned results of block 570, the engine may adjust 575 the physics simulation engine and return the process to block 525 to loop the machine learning step until optimized muscle contraction performance is reached.

If satisfactory, in some embodiments, the real world biomimetic robot may be physically moved to a new location/environment. In the new location, the method may use either the simulation engine loaded onto a computing device or cloud computing system to learn new optimized artificial muscle movement for the new location or a copy of the simulation engine may be loaded into the robot's memory for learning 580 the new environment. If using the computing device outside the robot, the simulation engine may upload a new virtual environment into the simulation engine and may re-target 585 the movement of virtual artificial muscles in the virtual environment. The process may repeat as described above for reaching the new target performance and/or optimized muscle contraction of artificial muscles for use in the new location.

In exemplary embodiments with the simulation engine loaded into the robot's memory, the robot may identify it is in a new location. The robot may determine whether location data exists in storage and whether or not new muscle performance data may need to be generated. If location data does not exist, or for example, the location has been modified from a previous stored file, the robot may generate a virtual environment replicating the current location. In some embodiments, the robot may wirelessly access a network, a cloud computing network to process simulation of the robot's artificial muscle performance in the virtual environment. The robot may re-target 585 the performance criteria for the artificial muscles in the virtual environment and once the target is reached (via looping through the steps described above), may store the control settings in its memory for use with the real world artificial muscles that make up the robot. As will be appreciated, in some embodiments, the aspects of the method allow the biomimetic robot to perceive the environment around it and increase its learning of how to move through the loop of continuously machine learning and optimizing control and performance of its artificial muscles to move in the environment. While in some embodiments, the robot may be aided by the operator simulating a first environment and then a second environment and so on to upload into the robot's memory the data it needs to move in some initial settings, eventually the robot may be able to move into an arbitrary location, capture an image of the location, generate a virtual simulation of the location, and simulate its own movement in the location to control its muscles accordingly for real world movement in the location.

Referring now to FIG. 6, the sub-process 570 of machine learning variations in real world robot performance versus virtual physics is shown in more detail according to an exemplary embodiment. The sub-process includes comparing 582 the real world location of an extremity on the real robot to an expected location via simulation. The location of the extremity may be gathered by sensor data for example as described with respect to FIGS. 2 and 2A-2C. A determination 584 is performed on whether the real world location of an extremity on the real robot to an expected location is within a threshold value.

If the determination is within the threshold value, the engine increases 586 the value of certainty of motion in the simulation. A subsequent determination 588 is performed on whether all points in motion space for the real robot are checked within the frame being analyzed. If not, the next extremity location may be checked 590 and the sub-process may return to block 582. If all points have been checked, then the analysis may move to the next frame (for example, block 545 in method 500).

If the determination in block 584 is not within the threshold value, then muscle contraction velocity may be adjusted 592 within the simulation engine. The actual motion of the real robot extremity may be logged 594 and the certainty of motion for actual resultant motion may be increased. The sub-process may then reiterate the comparison performed in block 582 with the adjusted data.

Referring now to FIG. 7, a schematic of an example of a computer system/server 10 is shown. The computer system/server 10 is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. The computer system/server 10 may serve the role as the machine implementing for example the functions in a virtual setting of running physics based simulation, storing motion capture video, comparing simulation results to captured motion video, adjusting muscle control to mimic/match motion capture video, and storing muscle control data for simulated muscles. The computer system/server 10 may in some embodiments serve the role as the machine implementing for example the functions in the real robot of providing instructions for muscle control, calculating sensor feedback and adjusting to muscle control. The components of the computer system/server 10 may include, but are not limited to, one or more processors or processing units 16 (for example, the CPU and microcontrollers of FIG. 2), a system memory 28, and a bus 18 that couples various system components including the system memory 28 to the processor 16.

The computer system/server 10 may perform functions as different machine types depending on the role in the system the function is related to. For example, depending on the function being implemented at any given time when interfacing with the system, the computer system/server 10 may be for example, personal computer systems, tablet devices, mobile telephone devices, server computer systems, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, and distributed cloud computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like. The computer system/server 10 may be described in the general context of computer system executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer system (described for example, below). In some embodiments, the computer system/server 10 may be a cloud computing node connected to a cloud computing network (not shown). The computer system/server 10 may be practiced in distributed cloud computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer system storage media including memory storage devices.

The computer system/server 10 may typically include a variety of computer system readable media. Such media could be chosen from any available media that is accessible by the computer system/server 10, including non-transitory, volatile and non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media. The system memory 28 could include one or more computer system readable media in the form of volatile memory, such as a random access memory (RAM) 30 and/or a cache memory 32. By way of example only, a storage system 34 can be provided for reading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media device typically called a “hard drive” (not shown). The system memory 28 may include at least one program product 40 having a set (e.g., at least one) of program modules 42 that are configured to carry out the functions of embodiments of the invention. The program product/utility 40, having a set (at least one) of program modules 42, may be stored in the system memory 28 by way of example, and not limitation, as well as an operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one or more application programs, other program modules, and program data or some combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networking environment. The program modules 42 generally carry out the functions and/or methodologies of embodiments as described above.

The computer system/server 10 may also communicate with one or more external devices 14 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display 24, etc.; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.) that enable the computer system/server 10 to communicate with one or more other computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output (I/O) interfaces 22. Alternatively, the computer system/server 10 can communicate with one or more networks such as a local area network (LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g., the Internet) via a network adapter 20. As depicted, the network adapter 20 may communicate with the other components of the computer system/server 10 via the bus 18.

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the disclosed invention may be embodied as a system, method or process, or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the disclosed invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module,” or “system.” Furthermore, aspects of the disclosed invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable media having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

Any combination of one or more computer readable media (for example, storage system 34) may be utilized. In the context of this disclosure, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible or non-transitory medium that can contain, or store a program (for example, the program product 40) for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

Referring now to FIGS. 8-13, a robot 800 is shown according to an exemplary embodiment. The robot 800 may be similar to the biomimetics based robot 100 disclosed above, however the embodiment shown in FIGS. 8-13 includes an artificial skin system 810 supporting the artificial muscles on the artificial skeletal structure. The artificial skin system 810 may include a skin casing 820. In some embodiments, a lubricant may be present buffering the muscular system from the interior of the skin casing 820. In FIG. 8, the skin casing 820 is shown intact while in FIGS. 9-11, the skin casing 820 is shown with an outer layer removed to show internal elements in the casing. The skin casing 820 may be flexible and may comprise an elastomer, for example, a silicone rubber. In general, the skin casing 820 includes a sensor circuit 830. The sensor circuit 830 may provide feedback to the control system of the muscular system 120 (FIGS. 1A-1D). The feedback from detection by the sensor circuit 830 may be used to adapt the control and movement of artificial muscles. This may be used for example, to adjust control of artificial muscles in each section of the robot 800 to actuate real world performance more closely with a simulated performance programmed into the control systems. As will also be appreciated, the inclusion of the sensor circuit 830 in the skin casing 820 provides a sensory system similar to a biological neurosensory system, which may alert the robot 800 to impact with objects, damage to the system, and changes in the environment. In addition, the sensory provided by the subject technology may assist a robot's ability to machine learn from their real world environment and adjust movement and operation in real-time.

In an exemplary embodiment, the sensor circuit 830 may comprise a plurality of sensors. For example, the sensor circuit 830 may comprise a plurality of force resistive sensors, temperature sensors, and/or stretch sensors 840 and 850. FIG. 12 shows a partial cross-section of a sensor circuit 830. In an exemplary embodiment, sensors 840 may be generally linear and connected to sensors 850 which may be generally circular and perpendicular to sensors 840. In some embodiments, the sensors 850 may be connected along their perimeter to multiple sensors 840. The connection scheme of the sensors 840 to sensors 850 may follow a generally longitudinal arrangement along limbs and sections of the robot 800 body similar to a circulatory system.

FIG. 13 shows a representation of a general connection scheme of the sensor circuit 830. The sensors 840 and 850 may be connected to an integrated circuit 950 which may include a processor receiving feedback from each sensor. The feedback from each sensor may be processed for magnitude and type (for example, change in resistance, capacitance, temperature) which may results may be provided to the robot 800 central processing to adjust movement of the artificial muscles 125 (FIGS. 1A-1D). Depending on the sensor type, the sensors 840 and 850 may detect a change in resistance, capacitance, and/or heat forces applied to the skin casing 820. Forces may include pressure applied from within by the artificial muscles (shown above in FIGS. 1A-1D) and forces applied externally to the skin casing 820 by for example, impact by the environment to the robot 800. In an exemplary embodiment, the sensors 840 and 850 may be positioned in an array coupled to the skin casing 820. The sensors 840 may follow a generally latitude positioning while the sensors 850 may follow a generally longitudinal positioning. The array may be encased or woven into the skin casing 820 from head to toe. In some areas of the skin casing 820, the array of sensors 840 and 850 may include a varying degree of density. For example, extremities such as the hands/fingers and feet/toes may have more sensors 840 and 850 per square area than the torso area. Accordingly, some embodiments may include a higher sensitivity of feedback from the areas with denser sensor concentration, which may provide finer resolution in the coordination of motor skills. The increase in complexity of the geometry of the hands and feet may benefit from the increase in the density of the sensors to keep the detail in the surface geometry receptive to the environment. Thus, activity such as grasping objects with the hands may benefit from the increased sensitivity available in sections of the skin system 810. General locomotion such as walking, running, jumping and other coordinated movement involving the feet may benefit from the higher density of feedback available in the feet. Thus, fine tuning of movement as well as determining whether the “slow twitch” or “fast twitch” mode of the artificial muscles may be more accurately performed based on the general availability of sensory feedback and even more so with the higher sensitivity of feedback available in the extremities.

Aspects of the disclosed invention are described above with reference to block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to the processor 16 of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

Those of skill in the art would appreciate that various components and blocks may be arranged differently (e.g., arranged in a different order, or partitioned in a different way) all without departing from the scope of the subject technology.

The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The previous description provides various examples of the subject technology, and the subject technology is not limited to these examples. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. For example, while the foregoing was described in the context of a humanoid or bi-pedal robot, aspects of the foregoing description may be applied to quadrupeds or any other pedal structure to design, simulate, produce and, control a functioning robot.

Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Pronouns in the masculine (e.g., his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., her and its) and vice versa. Headings and subheadings, if any, are used for convenience only and do not limit the invention.

Terms such as “top,” “bottom,” “front,” “rear,” “above,” “below” and the like as used in this disclosure should be understood as referring to an arbitrary frame of reference, rather than to the ordinary gravitational frame of reference. Thus, a top surface, a bottom surface, a front surface, and a rear surface may extend upwardly, downwardly, diagonally, or horizontally in a gravitational frame of reference. Similarly, an item disposed above another item may be located above or below the other item along a vertical, horizontal or diagonal direction; and an item disposed below another item may be located below or above the other item along a vertical, horizontal or diagonal direction.

A phrase such as an “aspect” does not imply that such aspect is essential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an aspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. An aspect may provide one or more examples. A phrase such as an aspect may refer to one or more aspects and vice versa. A phrase such as an “embodiment” does not imply that such embodiment is essential to the subject technology or that such embodiment applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all embodiments, or one or more embodiments. An embodiment may provide one or more examples. A phrase such an embodiment may refer to one or more embodiments and vice versa. A phrase such as a “configuration” does not imply that such configuration is essential to the subject technology or that such configuration applies to all configurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to a configuration may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. A configuration may provide one or more examples. A phrase such a configuration may refer to one or more configurations and vice versa.

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example or illustration.” Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs.

All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construed under the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in the case of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “step for.” Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or the like is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An artificial skin system for robots, comprising: a skin casing; a plurality of stretch sensors coupled to the skin casing; and a processor coupled to the plurality of stretch sensors, wherein the processor is configured to detect changes in the plurality of stretch sensors and transmit a signal to adapt movement in an artificial muscle of a robot wearing the artificial skin system in response to the detected changes in the plurality of stretch sensors.
 2. The artificial skin system of claim 1, wherein the skin casing comprises an elastomer.
 3. The artificial skin system of claim 2, wherein the elastomer is a silicone rubber.
 4. The artificial skin system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of stretch sensors are encased in the skin casing.
 5. The artificial skin system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of stretch sensors are positioned in a grid array on or in the skin casing.
 6. The artificial skin system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of stretch sensors are positioned in the skin casing.
 7. A robot, comprising: an artificial muscle, including: a flexible muscle casing, a fluid channel through the flexible muscle casing configured to contract and relax the flexible muscle casing via controlled fluid inflow/outflow from the flexible casing, the fluid channel including a connection to a fluid pump for controlling the fluid inflow/outflow, and a filament coupled to opposing ends of the flexible casing and connected to an actuator controlling the length of the filament to contract and relax the flexible muscle casing; and an artificial skin system attached to the flexible muscle casing, the artificial skin system including: a skin casing, a plurality of stretch sensors coupled to the skin casing, and a processor coupled to the plurality of stretch sensors, wherein the processor is configured to detect changes in the plurality of stretch sensors and transmit a signal to adapt movement of the artificial muscle in response to the detected changes in the plurality of stretch sensors.
 8. The robot of claim 7, wherein the skin casing comprises an elastomer.
 9. The robot of claim 8, wherein the elastomer is a silicone rubber.
 10. The robot of claim 7, wherein the plurality of stretch sensors are encased in the skin casing.
 11. The robot of claim 7, wherein the plurality of stretch sensors are positioned in a grid array on or in the skin casing.
 12. The robot of claim 11, wherein the plurality of stretch sensors are woven into or encased in the skin casing.
 13. The robot of claim 7, wherein the filament has higher tensile strength than the flexible casing.
 14. The robot of claim 7, wherein the filament is positioned inside the flexible muscle casing, spaced between inner walls of the flexible muscle casing, and between the opposing ends of the flexible casing. 